Types of Bonds
Type | Relative strength | Principle | Example |
Ionic | Strongest | Electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions | NaCl crystal |
Covalent | Strong | Sharing of electrons between atoms: the nuclei of both atoms are pulled toward the shared electrons | C-C bond |
Dipole-dipole | Weak to moderate | Electrostatic attraction between partially positive and partially negative parts of neutral molecules | CH3Cl; hydrogen bonding in ethanol |
van der Waals (or London forces or dispersion forces) | Weakest | Transient dipoles: random accumulation of electrons on one side of a molecule creates a dipole moment, which may in turn induce dipoles in other molecules | Methane |
Metallic | Moderate to strong | Positive nuclei in a "sea" of mobile electrons | Aluminum |